Speculative Fiction and the Upward Reach of Man

Thou hast put an upward reach in the heart of man.

-- Harry Kemp 

Mankind has always been fascinated with the future. From the grand fate of the universe, to our own tiny planet, to our progeny’s destiny, we humans are constantly thinking about how to shape the years to come, and rightly so. Speculative fiction is fertile ground for this kind of wonder. And again, this is a good thing. But beyond the improvement of a technological device or the creation of a new energy source, how does speculative fiction help us consider the ultimate nature of reality and how humanity may one day possibly come to exist in, and shape it? We’ll explore that in this meditation.

But first it’s probably a good idea to gain some vantage on what’s meant by “the upward reach of man.” Let’s get a few philosophers’ opinions on this broad subject and see if we can narrow our frame of reference just a wee bit.


What is the Upward Reach of Man

For I doubt not through the ages

one increasing purpose runs.

-- Alfred, Lord Tennyson

In his cornerstone document, “The Bluebook of the John Birch Society,” the late Robert Welch, agreeing with Tennyson, wrote:

Neither Tennyson nor any other sane man could doubt this fact…But first, let us ask, whose purpose? God’s? Or man’s? But if man has had one increasing purpose through the ages, from what source did it come, and who decided what the direction of that purpose was to be? (p. 136)  

Welch goes on to argue that a creator, a divine being, has set that purpose in man’s heart. Though he firmly roots his own understanding of that divinity in the traditional monotheistic outlook shared by most of humanity – and in the precepts of Christianity in particular – what exactly one’s provincial interpretation is of that divinity Welch leaves to each individual. He continues by saying: 

And agreeing that a Creator greater than ourselves has visibly endowed us with purpose, we can give far more of our energy and dedication to serving that purpose better. That there is a purpose in man beyond anything called for by his individual needs, and far greater than his personal desires, can be denied only by the most depraved maniac or the most ignorant fool. (p. 137)… For look with me first at the common denominators of all of our great religions. That man shall not steal…is common to them all. So is the injunction that man shall not murder nor harm his fellow man. So are the concepts of kindness, and charity, and restraint of appetites, and industriousness, and respect for age and experience… and the expectation of justice, and faith in a happier future… But...these are also exactly the characteristics with which evolutionary selection has gradually endowed man, to enable him to rise out of an animal existence, haltingly but surely, towards a more humane civilization and a promise of a tremendously more wonderful future. (pgs. 139-140)… Not only are we a part of some mighty purpose beyond our understanding, and not only do we have a clear duty to be true to that purpose…but all human experience shows that the total happiness of any generation and of its posterity is directly tied to the respect of that generation for the “upward reach” in man’s nature. (p.141) (all emphasis mine).

World-famous yogi, the late Gopi Krishna, in his work, “Kundalini: Empowering Human Evolution,” appears to share this sentiment with these words:

Digression from the righteous life prescribed in all revealed scriptures, in other words, from the principles of evolution, is the surest path to hell, to mental aberration, abnormality, obsolescence and decay. It does not alter the position if the digressers are individuals or whole societies, the result is the same. (p.31)… The human personality is not the result of a mysterious bio-chemical activity of the brain but the product of an intelligent energy, designated as Prana by adepts since the time of the Vedas. (p.33)… In Indian wisdom, the deity ruling human evolution is known as the Goddess Kundalini. If souls are immortal there must be a deathless Ocean of Intelligence from which they arise. In that case evolution, too, must be governed by intelligent laws. (p.43)

The great Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant spoke these words with respect to reason and the enlightenment of man:

Whatever concept one may hold, from a metaphysical point of view, concerning the freedom of the will, certainly its appearances, which are human actions, like every other natural event are determined by universal laws. However obscure their causes, history, which is concerned with narrating these appearances, permits us to hope that if we attend to the play of freedom of the human will in the large, we may be able to discern a regular movement in it, and that what seems complex and chaotic in the single individual may be seen from the standpoint of the human race as a whole to be a steady and progressive though slow evolution of its original endowment. (emphasis mine. From the introduction to the “Idea for a General History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose”).
 

In Kant’s Second Thesis of his “General History” we find:

Reason in a creature is a faculty of widening the rules and purposes of the use of all its powers far beyond natural instinct; it acknowledges no limits to its projects. Reason itself does not work instinctively, but requires trial, practice, and instruction in order gradually to progress from one level of insight to another. Therefore a single man would have to live excessively long in order to learn to make full use of all his natural capacities. Since Nature has set only a short period for his life, she needs a perhaps unreckonable series of generations, each of which passes its own enlightenment to its successor in order finally to bring the seeds of enlightenment to that degree of development in our race which is completely suitable to Nature’s purpose. This point of time must be, at least as an ideal, the goal of man’s efforts, for otherwise his natural capacities would have to be counted as for the most part vain and aimless (emphasis mine)…  Nature does nothing in vain, and in the use of means to her goals she is not prodigal. Her giving to man reason and the freedom of the will which depends upon it is clear indication of her purpose. Man accordingly was not to be guided by instinct, not nurtured and instructed with ready-made knowledge; rather, he should bring forth everything out of his own resources.

What, then, is the conclusion of all these noble words? It is that the upward reach of man, in a very basic sense, it seems, is the infusion into our species (by nature or divine intervention, or perhaps both) of an intrinsic desire to better ourselves and our posterity across every generation, across all ages, perhaps to the end of some ultimate, master cosmic plan.


But is This “Upward Reach” Even Possible & What is its Expression

You see, my people once lived in caves. 

And we then learned to build huts,

and in time to build ships like this one.

-- Jean-Luc Picard

“Who Watches the Watchers”

Star Trek: The Next Generation

Speculative fiction holds a variety of answers as to whether this so-called upward reach is possible. From technological progress to social conventions and cultural mores, SF (as I shall shorten it from here on) – from the Golden Age to modern times – is replete with references to mankind’s ultimate place in the universe and his special attributes which testify to the same.

But is there truth to this?

History can answer that question.

Early man’s efforts to rise above his primitive circumstances of stone tools, sheep skins, and huts and shanties, to the level of steel highrises, airplanes, genetic engineering, current efforts in space exploration, and beyond are legion. Thus, this writer opines that it is undeniable that the scientific evolution of man is indeed possible. But what is the limit of this prowess? Is it mere technological, on which the aforementioned examples focus? Or, perhaps, does it even exceed those limits as well?

The above quote from the third season of Star Trek: The Next Generation is from a scene between Mintaka III leader Nuria and Captain Jean-Luc Picard of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In one of the finest moments in TNG history, Picard instructs the Vulcanoid female in the principle of the evolution of sentient life. Though much of Picard’s emphasis centers on sentient beings’ ability to develop new technologies – to “weave cloth, make a bow,” and so forth – his obvious implication is that, with time, the power of the mind to change its world, the universe, for the betterment of that life is unquestionable.

And this is even perhaps to the point of godhood itself.

Picard faces the quasi-omnipotent Q Continuum
"Encounter at Farpoint"

In the TNG episode “Hide and Q,” Picard again debates Q on what the superbeing calls “the human compulsion,” which, for our purposes, we will equate with the “upward reach of man.” Picard challenges the near-omnipotent entity to acknowledge that humanity’s potential to become much more than the corporeal and limited beings that we currently are, is not only real, but inevitable. And in subsequent TNG episodes where the Continuum spokesman reappears, we see the collective Q’s fascination with (and perhaps fear of) that human potential manifested and challenged by the evolutionarily stagnate Continuum.

Other SF programs echo this faith.

The menacing First Ones, the Shadows

The masterful Babylon 5’s entire 5-year storyline is centered on what it calls, the "Third Age of Mankind.” Through this series, we are introduced, ultimately, to the main arch of B5’s raison d’étre. That reason for its existence, its rationale, is the hidden conflict between the evolved races known as the Shadows and the Vorlons. These two “First Ones” are guardians, shepherds, of the younger, less evolved species that have come after them. Unfortunately – as the series later reveals – the Shadows and Vorlons have forgotten their original charge left behind for them by their own more evolved teachers. They have reduced their guardianship role to a conflict that reinforces their own egos rather than advances the universal understanding of lesser-evolved species in the galaxy.

Ultimately it is the human heroes of B5 who discover this and liberate the lesser races to their own evolutionary path unguided and unimpeded by the Vorlon-Shadow yoke. And thus the Third Age of the galaxy, of mankind, begins.

Ascended Ancient, Morgan La Fey, "Stargate SG-1"

The series Stargate SG-1 and its subsequent spinoffs focus our attention on an extinct people called the Ancients and their millennia-long efforts at space exploration, and on a special technological investigation known as ascension. Through this spiritual-metaphysical-biological study, the Ancients succeed in shedding their physical form for a state of pure, almost indestructible energy. They exist outside of time but are capable of influencing corporeal events. Yet their highest law precludes and prevents them from doing so. Any ascended Ancient who intervenes on the lower planes of existence is punished, for the underlying principle behind this law is that all other less developed species must find their own way along the “Great Path” of Becoming just as the Ancients have. No interference is allowed. Period.

However, in future seasons the philosophy of ascension comes to conflict when the Ancients’ old enemy, the Ori, begin a war for intergalactic control of all mortals beneath them. Their quest for total power is challenged by the humans of earth, who find the means to lead in their defeat, freeing the galaxy’s people to realize enlightenment on their own, as the Ancients always believed correct.

These are only three examples, but SF is overflowing with such notions of an ultimate reality outside of – or perhaps better said – beyond our current understanding of it. And SF does its best, I believe, when it focuses on issues of human destiny and evolution.


Yeah, Yeah, But Humans Are…

Eat, sleep, defecate, procreate. That’s all

they [insects] do. That’s all we do too, but at

least insects don’t kid themselves that it’s

anything more than that.

 

-- Dr. Bambi Berenbaum

“War of the Coprophages”

The X-Files

There will be those however who disagree with the idea of an upward reach, and that human existence has any other purpose at all than to exist. They will point to human cruelty, selfishness, greed, hate, etc, to concretely prove the notion that homo sapiens are nothing more than a collection of base genetic material wrapped in a bag of meat and bones, and possess no more desire for any kind of upward evolution beyond the average cockroach.

And thus the above quote of fictional entomologist Dr. Bambi Berenbaum from a 1996 episode of The X-Files.

This rather cynical comparison of human beings to cockroaches spoken to FBI special agent Fox Mulder may in fact be considered an apt one by some. After all human beings have manifested the capacity for great evil and wickedness (as may be defined by human experience and/or divine revelation) in addition to profound acts of good.

Again, Immanuel Kant:

Since men in their endeavors behave, on the whole, not just instinctively, like the brutes, nor yet like rational citizens of the world according to some agreed-on plan, no history of man conceived according to a plan seems to be possible, as it might be possible to have such a history of bees or beavers. One cannot suppress a certain indignation when one sees men’s actions on the great world-stage and finds, beside the wisdom that appears here and there among individuals, everything in the large woven together from folly, childish vanity, even from childish malice and destructiveness. In the end, one does not know what to think of the human race, so conceited in its gifts.

Inevitable questions arise from such an evaluation. Are human beings creatures of a god, of the universe that gave rise to them? Do they have a special fulfillment to attain to in that universe? Are they alone in trying to attain it, or, more clearly, are they the only sentient species in the universe pulling toward that upward reach? Most empirical evolutionists will say “no” at least to the first half of question 1 and all of question 2. Whether we’re alone as a species in the universe they leave to debate. Theologians and some philosophers will definitely affirm questions 1 and 2 positively, and (mostly) leave question 3 for potential speculation.

However, the Jainist must, out of simple logic and observation, agree with the formerly-referenced philosophers that, though humanity manifests distressingly great chaotic power – most of which is given rise by our animal nature, what the Judeo-Christian Bible calls, “the law in our members,” genetics – there is a flipside which reveals itself in our art, creativity, inventions, capacity for empathy, kindness, willingness to cooperate, even sacrifice in the face of great odds, including to the point of personal, physical death.

And these capacities too, as Welch stated earlier, appear to be part of our biology as well. So while our genes may be selfish – motivating us to seek our own good over that of others, and especially to reproduce ourselves with a near abandonment of all responsibility – there are countless examples of the opposite, where human beings put their personal ambitions and lusts aside for the greater good of the species as a whole.

This intrinsic, and, if you desire, “spiritual” understanding does not need to be trained into us, for it is already implanted, though it certainly may be cultivated, refined, and honed into greater reflections of larger, more universal truths. Some call it the conscience. Yet whatever name or characteristic, it compels us to reach forward and never give up until we have achieved that destiny for which we were made in the first instance.

And these actions, more than any high-minded notions of religion or philosophy, are what incline the Jainist to accept the truth of the upward reach of man.


And We Are Responsible for That Upward Reach

Without the hope that things will get

better, that our inheritors will know a

world that is fuller and richer than our

own, life is pointless, and evolution is

vastly overrated.

 

-- Ambassador Delenn

“A Voice in the Wilderness, Part 1”

Babylon 5

Whatever or whomever has put us on this planet took pains to infuse us with the capacity for self-evaluation and self-improvement. And through these instruments of reflection and action, this power further gifted us with the ability to better the race in unison. We cannot neglect this truth. And we cannot shrink from it as immature children who are too afraid to let the scales fall from our eyes so that we may grasp the larger knowledge of the universe. Humanity must, will, mature. The Jainist says boldly that those who deny this capacity are indeed blind to truth, willfully foolish. And those who neglect it, neglect their responsibility both to our progenitors who’ve given so much to get us where we are, and our progeny ahead who await their turn to receive from us that baton of promise which they in turn will pass on, even to the last generation.

Let us not fail either of them.

And let us use the medium of speculative fiction to bolster this understanding.

We’ve meditated together on the unfolding dignity of humanity. I believe this increasing dignity not only possible, but actual. Real. And so I leave you with this quote from Captain John Sheridan, another (fictional) traveler on the road toward the upward reach of man.

…We have to make people lift their eyes back

to the horizon and see the line of ancestors

behind us saying: ‘Make my life have meaning,’

and to our inheritors before us saying: ‘Create

the world we will live in.’ We’re not just holding

jobs and having dinner, we are in the process

of building the future… Only by making people

understand that can we hope to create a better

world for ourselves and our posterity.

 

-- Captain John Sheridan,

“And Now for a Word”

Babylon 5

To the upward reach of man.

 

Another Look at Star Trek: TNG’s “Code of Honor”

Jessie Lawrence Ferguson as Ligon II ruler Lutan

The Star Trek: The Next Generation first season episode “Code of Honor” is perhaps considered by most as one best never filmed, or, at the least, best left to drift down the galactic black hole and be agonizingly split apart atom by atom and molecule by molecule.

However, I have a different take on this (IMO) under-appreciated, and indeed, hated episode than most.  Indeed, I’ve only seen a scant number of reviews to date that even attempt to try and highlight this episode for what it did, or at least tried to do.

No, “Code of Honor” is not one of my favorite episodes, but when I run across it when getting nostalgic for the good ‘ole days of the Enterprise-D, I do remember my first impressions of it as a kid. Admittedly, I’ve always wanted to know what other fans thought of this episode, both older and younger. Thanks to today’s technology, I can both discover and share in that curiosity.

Let me give an angle on CoH that I think most either miss or gloss over in berating this episode with such fiery passion.

Uncharted Ground: The Star Trek Way

I remember watching “Code of Honor” in 1987 in junior high school. I was too young to appreciate all its flavors then, but I’ve had 25 years to think about it.  And, coincidentally, just recently, I was re-watching an old recording of TNG and ran across this episode by chance. My first impression as a kid was: “Wow! Black people are being shown as a species on Star Trek: The Next Generation!”  I really couldn't believe it. “Why?” you might ask. And by today's standards, in today's world, where America now has its first-in-history black American president, one reasonably could wonder why I'd be impressed, especially as a kid for whom skin color and race consciousness was never important.  I accepted universal humanity as my family, had plenty of friends from all groups and races of people, and never had a prejudiced outlook of any kind.

So, those things being said, why the surprise with this episode?

Well let’s ask this: Since when, before or later, have serious SF fans ever seen depicted in Star Trek (on TV or in movies) an all-black alien people? Sure, we know that ST isn't about "racial issues" per se. Sure, we know that the humanity of the 23^rd and 24^th Centuries is waaaay beyond that primitive nonsense. But did we ever see, before or after CoH, a species that wasn't all (or mostly) depicted as “white?”  I'm sure this was not due to the conscious thought of Gene Roddenberry or Rick Berman, but was probably due, quite frankly, to pressure from the Paramount execs “upstairs.”

But also consider this: Never before, or since, has any SF TV or movie series depicted an all-black people(s) of culture and influence in the universe anywhere.

At least not to my knowledge.

And, further, it has only been hinted at in one other SF show I'm aware of.  In the fifth season Stargate SG-1 episode “Menace,” we are introduced to the black female android Reese who destroyed her entire civilization and was ultimately responsible for creating the deadly Replicators.  Did anybody else even stop to think about that but me?  Was she a representation of her people’s actual physical coloration?  Was this the intention of the writer(s) to *hint, hint, wink, wink* that the species who inadvertently created the Replicators were a black people?  I don't know.  One could assume such. One could also assume the opposite – that she was merely of a biologically diverse humanoid (or even non-humanoid) people of some kind.  One could be right or wrong either way.  Nonetheless, that’s how it came out on screen (btw with no hint or indication at all from the SG-1 show that it was meant to be conceived that way by the audience).

TOS episode "Plato's Stepchildren"

Still, the fact remains that TNG did by implication showcase an entire race of black people.  Thus you can probably more easily understand my reaction in 1987.  And so I applauded this groundbreaking moment in its history if for no other reason than it was Star Trek: TNG that did it, just as it was Star Trek: TOS that broke ground with the first interracial kiss between Captain Kirk and Lt. Uhura in the 1968 episode "Plato's Stepchildren." Other programs may have come along and done it later (which, again, I've not seen yet – with any other group of people), but Star Trek: TNG did it first.  My show, the Trek program for my generation, in my time. How exciting!

The Ligonians as Representatives of Interstellar Black Sophistication

In this episode we see a strong, powerful, advanced, culturally and technologically sophisticated black civilization. They are not as advanced as the mighty United Federation of Planets, but they are not stone primitives centuries behind either.  Further, here are blacks capable of governing themselves without the aid or interventions of the advanced, colonial “white man,” his notion of "manifest destiny," or its cousin idea of the “white man’s burden.”  In fact, a strong anti-colonialism theme is subtexted into the program.

The Ligonians do not require the Federation to come along and civilize them for they are already civilized of themselves.  This is a culture ancient in its history, long-rooted in its own traditions, morals and ethics, and outlook upon the universe. 

More, the Ligonians are of sufficient scientific progress that they are deemed evolved enough for Federation contact.  Although this is not depicted in the story, the Ligonians are obviously advanced in the bio-chemical sciences for they have harnessed and cultivated a life-giving vaccine which the Enterprise is requested by Starfleet to negotiate for, and which formidable Federation science cannot at present replicate.  Further – if we follow other Trek logic to conclusion – the Ligonians have obviously developed space travel and more, warp velocities, for we know that Starfleet’s policy of first contact requires a civilization to possess warp-capable vessels.

Lastly – though this too is not fully explored or expounded upon in the show – we should assume that the Ligonians are a united people.  That is, that their entire planet (and/or multi-planetary civilization) is united in its socio-political disposition, and that the harnessing of planetary/interplanetary resources has been achieved.  The reason we should believe this is that it is stated in CoH that the Federation is requesting the Enterprise to negotiate a treaty for the Ligonian vaccine.  And we know from subsequent TNG programs (and older TOS ones) that before the Federation makes contact with a world, a certain level of global civilization is examined and expected prior to initial first contact.

It would be interesting to have seen CoH conceived and done in a more mature TNG environment (say in the third, fourth, or fifth years) where TNG had found its footing as distinct from TOS and had better writers and directors.  It would also have been quite revealing, I believe, to have revisited Ligon II to discover more about Ligonian culture.

Personally, this writer would have liked to see CoH approached in a different, and perhaps more sophisticated way.  But not by changing the Ligonians’ skin color or fundamental culture!  Instead, a cleverer CoH may have portrayed the Ligonians as a silent but important strategic partner outside of the Federation, yet needful in galactic affairs.  This could have been done whether by political, military, or scientific means (such as the medicinal storyline already used in the episode). 

Also, by ridding the Ligonians of some of their more antiquated cultural expressions - the “counting coup” idea (which this writer found ridiculous even then); the ancient (but not continent-wide) African tradition of ritual scarring; and lastly, the presentment of the Ligonians in what amounts to  13^th Century Indo-Persian clothing (and Lutan as some kind of quasi mani sultan or "honored monarch") - I believe this culture would have been viewed as much closer to the Federation than they were portrayed.  Your commentator also suggests that such angle would have made the Ligonians much more endearing to the audience as well, and would have provided endless fertile ground for philosophical discussion thereafter.  It would have also perhaps made this one of the more memorable first year episodes still talked about today, especially because the featured non-Federation species turned out to be an all-black people.

Instead we got what I believe from a more mature perspective to be an ill-approached and poorly-executed episode that indeed did make use of an 1860s-1950s European and American colonialist view of blacks (and other peoples) the world over – as primitive, backward, and in need of the white man’s shepherding to survive and advance.  It was as though someone at Star Trek: The Next Generation could not use their imagination and project historical and fictional lines to come up with a black people that would in fact have been worthy of a space opera.  Whether this was the fault of former director Russ Mayberry alone or not is a question for historical debate, though several TNG actors seem to share this notion.  And yet, even with the above criticisms, I still ask if CoH was attempting some actually quite radical themes.

The Greater Real-World Implications of Ligonian Sophistication

Brown children must be able to participate in contemporary mythology.

-- Avery Brooks, 2008

It would not be until Star Trek: Deep Space Nine some six years later that the Ligonian phenomenon was replicated, on a far less grand scale and by far less number, in the person of Commander Benjamin Sisko.

Avery Brooks as Captain Benjamin Sisko of Deep Space 9

Acknowledging the power of myth to reshape reality, it was Rick Berman who personally stated on a QVC telemarketing program of the 1990s that his decision to place an African-American at the top of the DS9 command structure was to do another Star Trek “first,” and to provide inspiration for what he termed “a generation [of black American youth] in trouble.”  Unfortunately your commentator can no longer find direct substantiation for this Rick Berman decision.  But perhaps by asking him, if ever given the chance, I’ll get it.

But Ben Sisko did represent another opportunity for Star Trek to express a racial ideal just as CoH, on a more subtle but grander scale, could have represented in TNG’s time.  Obviously their first attempt was not as successful as the seven-year portrayal of Benjamin Lafayette Sisko by actor Avery Brooks.

While it is regrettable that TNG never tried again (with any other group of people not white) the implications of CoH – intended or not intended – shouldn’t be ignored.  Here, as Rick Berman purposely did with Sisko, was a group of mythological blacks who were announcing, “This is what real-world blacks are capable of – sophistication, advancement, evolution.  This is how they should be seen and perceived.  Not as backward, cannibalistic, naked savages with no history, no presence on the world stage, no philosophy, and no heroes or heritage to look back upon, but as players, actors in human destiny and achievement.” 

And let us ponder these questions:  Was CoH by allusion shining light on African history as not some shadowy insubstantial notion that began with European man’s arrival on the “Dark Continent,” but as one steeped in antiquity and long preceding that of Europe?  Was it trying to suggest that African history could be rediscovered and reapplied by its descendants in the modern world once unburied from out of the deep sands of time and space?  Was CoH trying to shed light on a long lost path that could light a way for the entire Planet Earth by allowing the black peoples of the real world to take their place at the table of cultures and human evolution?  Indeed, such rich heritage is already known to many worldwide scholars and historians.  Why should it not be known to the actual descendants of that heritage so that they may reproduce it?

This is not to say that blacks by some mythical divine right should be on top of this new world outlook.  Not either does your commentator believe such idea was present in CoH.  But that the episode was attempting to say, however imperfectly, that blacks have achieved in the past, do so in our modern time, and are capable of greater achievement in the future.

However, not everyone agrees with this appraisal of “Code of Honor."

That “Racist Piece of Shit”

Jonathan Frakes at VegasCon 2011

Jonathan Frakes has made probably the most colorful comment for CoH calling it "a racist piece of shit."  He further called it the "most embarrassing," (see his comments at FanExpo 2007 from time index 3:37-3:52) and further stated that Gene Roddenberry himself would have been embarrassed by it.  In fact, Frakes has stated elsewhere that the Great Bird of the Galaxy was humiliated by this episode and even went on to fire then-director Russ Mayberry for his mishandling of the story concept and the guest cast.  It was Frakes who claimed that Mayberry decided to put an all-black cast in the Ligonian role and then proceeded to berate and insult the actors when he did not get what he wanted.

The Jainist does not know anything of Mr. Mayberry's actions or motivations other than what has been spoken of them.  Indeed, to this day, I do not believe Mayberry has even chosen to speak his side of events in this early TNG drama.


Other TNG actors have felt similarly to Frakes. 

The ever lovely Marina Sirtis

Marina Sirtis concurred as quoted from an April 12, 2003 interview with BBC Wiltshire: “Someone asked her if there is any episode she felt was really “bad” and shouldn't have aired. The answer was easy. ‘The second episode we ever made, and it was called ‘Code of Honor,’ and I thought basically, not to put too fine a point on it, that it was racist.’”

Brent Spiner went on Trekmovie.com March 23, 2012 to agree, saying: "There is that one episode that we all knew was bad very early on. The one where Denise [Crosby] was captured by the tribe of space Africans [laughs]. It ['Code of Honor'] was just a racist episode. Maybe not intentionally, but it felt that way and looked that way. It was the third episode so it was fortuitous that we did our worst that early on and it never got quite that bad again."

Wil Wheaton has called it racist.  LeVar Burton chimed in at DragonCon2010 by joining with Star Trek: Voyager’s Garrett Wang in agreeing that CoH was, “Without question,” one of the worst TNG episodes of all time, adding that, "Yeah, ‘Code of Honor’ sucked.” (See those comments at 3:32-6:08).

And former consultant Tracy Tormé had this to say about the episode: “I felt like it was a ‘40s tribal African view of blacks. I think it was kind of embarrassing. Not only was the ending like ‘Amok Time,’ but it came dangerously close to Amos 'n' Andy.” (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Honor_(TNG_episode).)

Denise Crosby

Interestingly, the one person we’d all expect to have a comment on CoH’s alleged racist depictions – Denise Crosby  – has been virtually silent on that perceived aspect of the show, focusing instead on her role in the episode and her belief that Tasha Yar was continually being pushed into the background and given more of an “Uhura-like” status.  In her opinion, Natasha Yar was always present but not allowed to change and grow as a character.

Though I find no statements from Michael Dorn (who was not in the episode), Gates McFadden, or the heralded Patrick “Captain Baldy” Stewart, there is universal condemnation for CoH by the near-entire TNG cast!  And almost all of these criticisms fall along the lines of CoH being a racist Star Trek presentment of black Africans, and maybe of blacks globally.  Perhaps, having actually been on the set and worked with both Russ Mayberry, the guest actors, and Gene Roddenberry himself at the time, they know things we may never know?  But such is mere speculation and cannot, at this time, be confirmed.

En Masse, Fans Seem to Agree

Most of the online reviews – whether from younger fans seeing the episode for the first time, fans who grew up with Captain Picard’s Enterprise like myself, or were already mature when TNG came out 25 years ago – are also universal in their condemnation of CoH.  Very few take a positive position, and even fewer take a positive position for anywhere near the reasons The Jainist has articulated above.

In the end, I leave “Code of Honor” for to you to judge. I found it a unique episode because of its demonstration that, in the entire universe, there's at least one group of all-black people out there who are not stone savages, primitive, and backward with respect to their “Caucasian” counterparts in the galactic far reaches.  At least in terms of 20th Century Earth televised SF anyway. And, had the show been executed with a better feel and outlook, I dare say this episode could (and would) have been remembered for that quite overlooked aspect.  Otherwise, from a fiction enthusiast’s point of view, CoH isn’t really particularly memorable!  It's an episode that was well-acted (I dare say) by all involved, but not anywhere on my all-time favs list.

This is my opinion of the episode. What’s yours?

To the upward reach of man.